path: root/lambda-calcul/haskell/challenges.json

[
  {
    "level": 0,
    "description": "A lone free variable. What does x reduce to?",
    "expr": "x",
    "answer": "x"
  },
  {
    "level": 1,
    "description": "Another free variable. What does y reduce to?",
    "expr": "y",
    "answer": "y"
  },
  {
    "level": 2,
    "description": "A free variable with a fancy name. Identifiers can include special characters like #, %, @, etc.",
    "expr": "#%foo",
    "answer": "#%foo"
  },
  {
    "level": 3,
    "description": "A lambda abstraction: lam (x) x is the identity function. It is already in normal form.",
    "expr": "(lam (x) x)",
    "answer": "(lam (x) x)"
  },
  {
    "level": 4,
    "description": "A function application where both sides are free variables. (x y) has no redex to reduce.",
    "expr": "(x y)",
    "answer": "(x y)"
  },
  {
    "level": 5,
    "description": "Apply the identity function to y. ((lam (x) x) y) performs one beta-reduction step.",
    "expr": "((lam (x) x) y)",
    "answer": "y"
  },
  {
    "level": 6,
    "description": "Multi-argument lambda applied to one argument. lam (x y) x takes two arguments and returns the first (the K combinator). What is the result of applying it to just z?",
    "expr": "((lam (x y) x) z)",
    "answer": "(lam (y) z)"
  },
  {
    "level": 7,
    "description": "A constant function applied to its argument, then the result applied to y. (lam (z) x) ignores z and always returns the free variable x.",
    "expr": "(((lam (z) x) z) y)",
    "answer": "(x y)"
  },
  {
    "level": 8,
    "description": "Apply the two-argument K combinator lam (x y) x to both z and t. It selects its first argument.",
    "expr": "((lam (x y) x) z t)",
    "answer": "z"
  },
  {
    "level": 9,
    "description": "Apply the K combinator to three arguments. Remember that application is left-associative, so this is ((K z t) foo). What does K z t reduce to, and what happens when you apply that to foo?",
    "expr": "((lam (x y) x) z t foo)",
    "answer": "(z foo)"
  },
  {
    "level": 10,
    "description": "A let-binding introduces a local definition. Here id is bound to the identity function. What does (id z) evaluate to?",
    "expr": "(let ((id (lam (x) x))) (id z))",
    "answer": "z"
  },
  {
    "level": 11,
    "description": "The same let-binding as level 10. let desugars into an immediate lambda application: ((lam (id) (id z)) (lam (x) x)).",
    "expr": "(let ((id (lam (x) x))) (id z))",
    "answer": "z"
  },
  {
    "level": 12,
    "description": "Church-encoded booleans: False = lam (f t) f, True = lam (f t) t. A boolean selects one of two arguments \u2014 False picks the first, True picks the second. Not flips a boolean by applying it to True and False in swapped order. What is (Not True)?",
    "expr": "(let ((False (lam (f t) f))\n  (True (lam (f t) t))\n      (Not (lam (b) (b True False))))\n (Not True))",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 13,
    "description": "Double negation. Applying Not twice should return the original boolean. What is (Not (Not True))?",
    "expr": "(let ((False (lam (f t) f))\n  (True (lam (f t) t))\n      (Not (lam (b) (b True False))))\n (Not (Not True)))",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 14,
    "description": "The same boolean logic as level 13, but using top-level def declarations instead of let. def binds names in the global environment for the rest of the program.",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n  (def True (lam (f t) t))\n  (def Not (lam (b) (b True False)))\n (Not (Not True)))",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 15,
    "description": "Three def declarations with no final expression to evaluate. def statements produce no output on their own \u2014 they only extend the environment.",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n  (def True (lam (f t) t))\n  (def Not (lam (b) (b True False)))",
    "answer": ""
  },
  {
    "level": 16,
    "description": "Define Or in the global environment. Or a b = a b True: if a is True it selects its first argument (b); if a is False it selects its second argument (True). Again, no expression to evaluate.",
    "expr": "(def Or (lam (a b) (a b True)))",
    "answer": ""
  },
  {
    "level": 17,
    "description": "Use the previously defined Or and Not (assumed in scope from prior levels). Evaluate (Or (Not True) False). What boolean does this reduce to?",
    "expr": "(Or (Not True) False)",
    "answer": "(Or (Not True) False)"
  },
  {
    "level": 18,
    "description": "Integer literals are native values in this interpreter \u2014 they are already fully reduced and need no evaluation. What does the integer 42 reduce to?",
    "expr": "42",
    "answer": "42"
  },
  {
    "level": 19,
    "description": "Zero is also a valid integer literal that self-evaluates. What does 0 reduce to?",
    "expr": "0",
    "answer": "0"
  },
  {
    "level": 20,
    "description": "Negative integers are written with a minus sign immediately preceding the digits, with no space: -7 is a single integer literal, not the identifier - applied to 7. What does -7 reduce to?",
    "expr": "-7",
    "answer": "-7"
  },
  {
    "level": 21,
    "description": "Apply the identity function to an integer. ((lam (x) x) 99) beta-reduces by substituting 99 for x. What is the result?",
    "expr": "((lam (x) x) 99)",
    "answer": "99"
  },
  {
    "level": 22,
    "description": "A two-argument constant function applied to an integer and a free variable. (lam (x y) y) ignores its first argument and returns the second. What does ((lam (x y) y) 42 z) reduce to?",
    "expr": "((lam (x y) y) 42 z)",
    "answer": "z"
  },
  {
    "level": 23,
    "description": "A let-binding wraps an integer in a local name. (let ((n 5)) n) desugars to ((lam (n) n) 5) and reduces to 5. What is the result?",
    "expr": "(let ((n 5)) n)",
    "answer": "5"
  },
  {
    "level": 24,
    "description": "An integer passed as argument to a free variable f produces a stuck neutral term \u2014 f has no definition, so (f 42) cannot reduce further. What does (f 42) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(f 42)",
    "answer": "(f 42)"
  },
  {
    "level": 25,
    "description": "An integer in function position applied to an argument cannot reduce \u2014 42 is not a lambda. The result is a stuck neutral application. What does (42 x) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(42 x)",
    "answer": "(42 x)"
  },
  {
    "level": 26,
    "description": "Chained neutral applications. (42 a) is already stuck; applying that to b gives a left-associative neutral term. Remember that (f a b) pretty-prints as (f a b). What does ((42 a) b) reduce to?",
    "expr": "((42 a) b)",
    "answer": "(42 a b)"
  },
  {
    "level": 27,
    "description": "A def declaration binds an integer to a name globally. Evaluating n afterwards should return the integer. What does the following program produce?",
    "expr": "(def n -3)\nn",
    "answer": "-3"
  },
  {
    "level": 28,
    "description": "String literals are double-quoted values that self-evaluate \u2014 they need no reduction. What does \"hello\" reduce to?",
    "expr": "\"hello\"",
    "answer": "\"hello\""
  },
  {
    "level": 29,
    "description": "Strings can contain spaces and any printable character. What does \"foo bar\" reduce to?",
    "expr": "\"foo bar\"",
    "answer": "\"foo bar\""
  },
  {
    "level": 30,
    "description": "Apply the identity function to a string literal. What does ((lam (x) x) \"world\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "((lam (x) x) \"world\")",
    "answer": "\"world\""
  },
  {
    "level": 31,
    "description": "str-concat takes two strings and concatenates them. What does (str-concat \"foo\" \"bar\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-concat \"foo\" \"bar\")",
    "answer": "\"foobar\""
  },
  {
    "level": 32,
    "description": "str-concat can be nested. What does (str-concat \"hello\" (str-concat \" \" \"world\")) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-concat \"hello\" (str-concat \" \" \"world\"))",
    "answer": "\"hello world\""
  },
  {
    "level": 33,
    "description": "str-length takes a string and returns its length as an integer. What does (str-length \"hello\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-length \"hello\")",
    "answer": "5"
  },
  {
    "level": 34,
    "description": "What does (str-length \"\") reduce to? The empty string has length zero.",
    "expr": "(str-length \"\")",
    "answer": "0"
  },
  {
    "level": 35,
    "description": "str-slice takes a start index (inclusive), an end index (exclusive), and a string, and returns the sub-string. What does (str-slice 0 3 \"abcde\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-slice 0 3 \"abcde\")",
    "answer": "\"abc\""
  },
  {
    "level": 36,
    "description": "What does (str-slice 1 4 \"abcde\") reduce to? Characters at indices 1, 2, and 3 are selected.",
    "expr": "(str-slice 1 4 \"abcde\")",
    "answer": "\"bcd\""
  },
  {
    "level": 37,
    "description": "str= takes two strings and returns the Church boolean True (lam (f t) t) if they are equal, False (lam (f t) f) otherwise. What does (str= \"abc\" \"abc\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str= \"abc\" \"abc\")",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 38,
    "description": "What does (str= \"abc\" \"xyz\") reduce to? The strings are not equal.",
    "expr": "(str= \"abc\" \"xyz\")",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 39,
    "description": "str< returns Church True when its first argument is lexicographically less than its second. What does (str< \"apple\" \"banana\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str< \"apple\" \"banana\")",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 40,
    "description": "What does (str< \"z\" \"a\") reduce to? \"z\" is not less than \"a\" lexicographically.",
    "expr": "(str< \"z\" \"a\")",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 41,
    "description": "Like arithmetic operators, string builtins support partial application. Applying str-concat to one argument produces a function waiting for its second. What does (str-concat \"hello\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-concat \"hello\")",
    "answer": "(str-concat \"hello\")"
  },
  {
    "level": 42,
    "description": "When a string builtin receives a free variable as an argument it cannot reduce and stays stuck. What does (str-concat x \"bar\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-concat x \"bar\")",
    "answer": "(str-concat x \"bar\")"
  },
  {
    "level": 43,
    "description": "Use def to bind a string, then apply str-length to it. What does (str-length greeting) produce in this program?",
    "expr": "(def greeting \"hello\")\n(str-length greeting)",
    "answer": "5"
  },
  {
    "level": 44,
    "description": "Use let to bind a string and then concatenate it with another string. What does (let ((s \"hello\")) (str-concat s \"!\")) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(let ((s \"hello\")) (str-concat s \"!\"))",
    "answer": "\"hello!\""
  },
  {
    "level": 45,
    "description": "String builtins are first-class values and can be passed as arguments to lambdas. What does ((lam (f) (f \"hello\" \" world\")) str-concat) reduce to?",
    "expr": "((lam (f) (f \"hello\" \" world\")) str-concat)",
    "answer": "\"hello world\""
  },
  {
    "level": 46,
    "description": "A string literal can contain any character, including parentheses. The parser recognises ( and ) as delimiters only outside a string. What does \"(hello)\" reduce to?",
    "expr": "\"(hello)\"",
    "answer": "\"(hello)\""
  },
  {
    "level": 47,
    "description": "A string can contain only an opening parenthesis with no closing match \u2014 the parser does not need to see balanced parens inside a string. What does \"(\" reduce to?",
    "expr": "\"(\"",
    "answer": "\"(\""
  },
  {
    "level": 48,
    "description": "Likewise a string can start with a closing parenthesis. What does \")\" reduce to?",
    "expr": "\")\"",
    "answer": "\")\""
  },
  {
    "level": 49,
    "description": "A string that looks exactly like a lambda expression is still just a string \u2014 it is not evaluated. What does \"(lam (x) x)\" reduce to?",
    "expr": "\"(lam (x) x)\"",
    "answer": "\"(lam (x) x)\""
  },
  {
    "level": 50,
    "description": "Use str-concat to join two paren strings. The result is a correctly balanced parenthesis pair as a string value. What does (str-concat \"(\" \")\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-concat \"(\" \")\")",
    "answer": "\"()\""
  },
  {
    "level": 51,
    "description": "str-length counts every character including parentheses. What does (str-length \"(hello)\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-length \"(hello)\")",
    "answer": "7"
  },
  {
    "level": 52,
    "description": "str-slice works on strings containing parentheses just like any other string. What does (str-slice 0 3 \"(ab)\") reduce to?",
    "expr": "(str-slice 0 3 \"(ab)\")",
    "answer": "\"(ab\""
  },
  {
    "level": 53,
    "description": "The interpreter now has built-in arithmetic operators. + takes two integers and returns their sum. What does (+ 3 4) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(+ 3 4)",
    "answer": "7"
  },
  {
    "level": 54,
    "description": "The built-in - subtracts its second argument from its first. What does (- 10 3) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(- 10 3)",
    "answer": "7"
  },
  {
    "level": 55,
    "description": "The built-in * multiplies two integers. What does (* 6 7) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(* 6 7)",
    "answer": "42"
  },
  {
    "level": 56,
    "description": "div performs integer division (truncated toward negative infinity). What does (div 17 5) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(div 17 5)",
    "answer": "3"
  },
  {
    "level": 57,
    "description": "mod returns the remainder of integer division. What does (mod 17 5) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(mod 17 5)",
    "answer": "2"
  },
  {
    "level": 58,
    "description": "neg is a unary built-in that negates its argument. What does (neg 5) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(neg 5)",
    "answer": "-5"
  },
  {
    "level": 59,
    "description": "Built-ins compose freely. * and + can be nested just like lambda applications. What does (* 2 (+ 3 4)) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(* 2 (+ 3 4))",
    "answer": "14"
  },
  {
    "level": 60,
    "description": "Pythagorean-style expression: (+ (* 3 3) (* 4 4)) computes 9 + 16. What is the result?",
    "expr": "(+ (* 3 3) (* 4 4))",
    "answer": "25"
  },
  {
    "level": 61,
    "description": "= is a built-in equality test. It returns the Church boolean True (lam (f t) t) when both arguments are equal and False (lam (f t) f) otherwise. What does (= 42 42) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(= 42 42)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 62,
    "description": "What does (= 42 0) reduce to? The two integers are not equal, so = returns the Church boolean False.",
    "expr": "(= 42 0)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 63,
    "description": "< is a built-in less-than test. It returns the Church boolean True when the first argument is strictly less than the second, False otherwise. What does (< 3 5) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(< 3 5)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 64,
    "description": "What does (< 5 3) reduce to? 5 is not less than 3, so < returns the Church boolean False.",
    "expr": "(< 5 3)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 65,
    "description": "Built-ins support partial application just like lambdas. Applying + to only one argument produces a function waiting for its second argument. What does (+ 1) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(+ 1)",
    "answer": "(+ 1)"
  },
  {
    "level": 66,
    "description": "A partially applied built-in is a first-class value that can be passed to and invoked by a lambda. What does ((lam (f) (f 10)) (+ 5)) reduce to?",
    "expr": "((lam (f) (f 10)) (+ 5))",
    "answer": "15"
  },
  {
    "level": 67,
    "description": "When a built-in operator receives a free variable as one of its arguments it cannot reduce and stays as a stuck neutral term. What does (+ x 1) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(+ x 1)",
    "answer": "(+ x 1)"
  },
  {
    "level": 68,
    "description": "Division by zero cannot be reduced \u2014 it stays as a stuck neutral application. What does (div 7 0) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(div 7 0)",
    "answer": "(div 7 0)"
  },
  {
    "level": 69,
    "description": "Use def to bind a lambda that uses * to square its argument, then apply it. What does (square 9) produce in this program?",
    "expr": "(def square (lam (x) (* x x)))\n(square 9)",
    "answer": "81"
  },
  {
    "level": 70,
    "description": "Use let to bind two integers and compute the sum of their squares. What does (let ((x 3) (y 4)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))) reduce to?",
    "expr": "(let ((x 3) (y 4)) (+ (* x x) (* y y)))",
    "answer": "25"
  },
  {
    "level": 71,
    "description": "Built-in operators are first-class values: they can be passed as arguments to lambdas. Here a lambda takes an operator f and two arguments x y and applies (f x y). What does ((lam (f x y) (f x y)) + 10 20) reduce to?",
    "expr": "((lam (f x y) (f x y)) + 10 20)",
    "answer": "30"
  },
  {
    "level": 72,
    "description": "Introduce And. And a b = a False b: if a is True it selects its second argument (b); if a is False it selects its first argument (False). Evaluate (And True True).",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def Or (lam (a b) (a b True)))\n(def And (lam (a b) (a False b)))\n(And True True)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 73,
    "description": "Combine Or, And and Not. Evaluate (And (Or False True) (Not False)). Both sub-expressions must reduce to True for And to return True.",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def Not (lam (b) (b True False)))\n(def Or (lam (a b) (a b True)))\n(def And (lam (a b) (a False b)))\n(And (Or False True) (Not False))",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 74,
    "description": "Xor (exclusive or) is True when exactly one argument is True. It can be defined as And (Or a b) (Not (And a b)). Evaluate (Xor True False).",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def Not (lam (b) (b True False)))\n(def And (lam (a b) (a False b)))\n(def Or (lam (a b) (a b True)))\n(def Xor (lam (a b) (And (Or a b) (Not (And a b)))))\n(Xor True False)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 75,
    "description": "Evaluate (Xor False False). Two identical inputs to Xor should always yield False.",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def Not (lam (b) (b True False)))\n(def And (lam (a b) (a False b)))\n(def Or (lam (a b) (a b True)))\n(def Xor (lam (a b) (And (Or a b) (Not (And a b)))))\n(Xor False False)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 76,
    "description": "Church-encoded if-then-else. Because our True selects its second argument and False selects its first, ite must swap the branches: ite c t e = c e t. Evaluate (ite True a b) \u2014 which branch is returned?",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def Not (lam (b) (b True False)))\n(def And (lam (a b) (a False b)))\n(def Or (lam (a b) (a b True)))\n(def ite (lam (c t e) (c e t)))\n(ite True a b)",
    "answer": "a"
  },
  {
    "level": 77,
    "description": "Evaluate (ite False a b). When the condition is False, the else-branch should be returned.",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def Not (lam (b) (b True False)))\n(def And (lam (a b) (a False b)))\n(def Or (lam (a b) (a b True)))\n(def ite (lam (c t e) (c e t)))\n(ite False a b)",
    "answer": "b"
  },
  {
    "level": 78,
    "description": "Church-encoded pairs. pair x y = lam f -> f x y stores two values by passing them to a selector function. fst p = p (lam x y -> x) retrieves the first. Evaluate (fst (pair a b)).",
    "expr": "(def pair (lam (x y f) (f x y)))\n(def fst (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) x))))\n(def snd (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) y))))\n(fst (pair a b))",
    "answer": "a"
  },
  {
    "level": 79,
    "description": "snd p = p (lam x y -> y) retrieves the second element of a Church pair. Evaluate (snd (pair a b)).",
    "expr": "(def pair (lam (x y f) (f x y)))\n(def fst (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) x))))\n(def snd (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) y))))\n(snd (pair a b))",
    "answer": "b"
  },
  {
    "level": 80,
    "description": "Pairs can be nested. (pair a (pair b c)) is a pair whose second element is itself a pair. Evaluate (snd (snd (pair a (pair b c)))).",
    "expr": "(def pair (lam (x y f) (f x y)))\n(def fst (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) x))))\n(def snd (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) y))))\n(snd (snd (pair a (pair b c))))",
    "answer": "c"
  },
  {
    "level": 81,
    "description": "swap exchanges the two elements of a pair: swap p = pair (snd p) (fst p). Evaluate (fst (swap (pair a b))). After swapping, fst should return what was previously snd.",
    "expr": "(def pair (lam (x y f) (f x y)))\n(def fst (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) x))))\n(def snd (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) y))))\n(def swap (lam (p) (pair (snd p) (fst p))))\n(fst (swap (pair a b)))",
    "answer": "b"
  },
  {
    "level": 82,
    "description": "Church numerals encode natural numbers as higher-order functions: n applies its first argument (the successor step) to its second argument (the base) exactly n times. zero = lam s z -> z applies s zero times. Evaluate (zero f x).",
    "expr": "(def zero (lam (s z) z))\n(zero f x)",
    "answer": "x"
  },
  {
    "level": 83,
    "description": "two = lam s z -> s (s z) applies s twice. Evaluate (two f x) \u2014 you should see f applied to x twice.",
    "expr": "(def two (lam (s z) (s (s z))))\n(two f x)",
    "answer": "(f (f x))"
  },
  {
    "level": 84,
    "description": "three = lam s z -> s (s (s z)) applies s three times. Evaluate (three f x).",
    "expr": "(def three (lam (s z) (s (s (s z)))))\n(three f x)",
    "answer": "(f (f (f x)))"
  },
  {
    "level": 85,
    "description": "isZero tests whether a Church numeral is zero. isZero n = n (lam x -> False) True: if n > 0 the step function (lam x -> False) is applied at least once, discarding its argument and returning False; if n = 0 the base True is returned. Evaluate (isZero zero).",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def zero (lam (s z) z))\n(def isZero (lam (n) (n (lam (x) False) True)))\n(isZero zero)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 86,
    "description": "Evaluate (isZero three). Three is not zero, so the step function fires and the result is False.",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def three (lam (s z) (s (s (s z)))))\n(def isZero (lam (n) (n (lam (x) False) True)))\n(isZero three)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 87,
    "description": "The I combinator (identity): I x = x. It is the simplest combinator and the building block of the SKI calculus. Evaluate (I a).",
    "expr": "(def I (lam (x) x))\n(I a)",
    "answer": "a"
  },
  {
    "level": 88,
    "description": "The K combinator (constant): K x y = x. It ignores its second argument and always returns its first. Evaluate (K a b).",
    "expr": "(def K (lam (x y) x))\n(K a b)",
    "answer": "a"
  },
  {
    "level": 89,
    "description": "The S combinator (substitution): S f g x = f x (g x). It distributes its third argument over two functions and applies the results. Evaluate (S f g x) \u2014 f and g are free variables here.",
    "expr": "(def S (lam (f g x) ((f x) (g x))))\n(S f g x)",
    "answer": "(f x (g x))"
  },
  {
    "level": 90,
    "description": "SKI completeness: S K K encodes the identity function. S K K x = K x (K x) = x. Evaluate (S K K a) and confirm it equals a.",
    "expr": "(def S (lam (f g x) ((f x) (g x))))\n(def K (lam (x y) x))\n(S K K a)",
    "answer": "a"
  },
  {
    "level": 91,
    "description": "The B combinator (composition): B f g x = f (g x). It is function composition. Evaluate (B f g x) \u2014 you should see f applied to the result of g applied to x.",
    "expr": "(def B (lam (f g x) (f (g x))))\n(B f g x)",
    "answer": "(f (g x))"
  },
  {
    "level": 92,
    "description": "The C combinator (flip): C f x y = f y x. It flips the order of the last two arguments of a function. Evaluate (C f a b).",
    "expr": "(def C (lam (f x y) (f y x)))\n(C f a b)",
    "answer": "(f b a)"
  },
  {
    "level": 93,
    "description": "The W combinator (duplication): W f x = f x x. It applies f to x twice, duplicating the argument. Evaluate (W f a).",
    "expr": "(def W (lam (f x) (f x x)))\n(W f a)",
    "answer": "(f a a)"
  },
  {
    "level": 94,
    "description": "Scott-encoded lists. nil = lam c n -> n (the empty list). cons h t = lam c n -> c h t stores head and tail directly. head l = l (lam h t -> h) nil extracts the first element. Evaluate (head (cons a nil)).",
    "expr": "(def nil (lam (c n) n))\n(def cons (lam (h t c n) (c h t)))\n(def head (lam (l) (l (lam (h t) h) nil)))\n(head (cons a nil))",
    "answer": "a"
  },
  {
    "level": 95,
    "description": "tail l = l (lam h t -> t) nil retrieves the rest of a Scott-encoded list. Evaluate (head (tail (cons a (cons b nil)))) \u2014 the head of the tail of a two-element list is its second element.",
    "expr": "(def nil (lam (c n) n))\n(def cons (lam (h t c n) (c h t)))\n(def head (lam (l) (l (lam (h t) h) nil)))\n(def tail (lam (l) (l (lam (h t) t) nil)))\n(head (tail (cons a (cons b nil))))",
    "answer": "b"
  },
  {
    "level": 96,
    "description": "isNil tests whether a Scott-encoded list is empty. isNil l = l (lam h t -> False) True: a non-empty list immediately calls its cons branch returning False; nil returns its base True. Evaluate (isNil nil).",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def nil (lam (c n) n))\n(def cons (lam (h t c n) (c h t)))\n(def isNil (lam (l) (l (lam (h t) False) True)))\n(isNil nil)",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) t)"
  },
  {
    "level": 97,
    "description": "Evaluate (isNil (cons a nil)). A non-empty list is not nil, so the result should be False.",
    "expr": "(def False (lam (f t) f))\n(def True (lam (f t) t))\n(def nil (lam (c n) n))\n(def cons (lam (h t c n) (c h t)))\n(def isNil (lam (l) (l (lam (h t) False) True)))\n(isNil (cons a nil))",
    "answer": "(lam (f t) f)"
  },
  {
    "level": 98,
    "description": "Church-encoded sum types (Either). Left x = lam l r -> l x tags a value as Left; Right x = lam l r -> r x tags it as Right. either f g e = e f g eliminates the sum by applying the matching handler. Evaluate (either f g (Left a)).",
    "expr": "(def Left (lam (x l r) (l x)))\n(def Right (lam (x l r) (r x)))\n(def either (lam (f g e) (e f g)))\n(either f g (Left a))",
    "answer": "(f a)"
  },
  {
    "level": 99,
    "description": "Evaluate (either f g (Right a)). The Right handler g should be applied to a.",
    "expr": "(def Left (lam (x l r) (l x)))\n(def Right (lam (x l r) (r x)))\n(def either (lam (f g e) (e f g)))\n(either f g (Right a))",
    "answer": "(g a)"
  },
  {
    "level": 100,
    "description": "Church-encoded option (Maybe). None = lam n s -> n is the absent case. Some x = lam n s -> s x wraps a value. fromOption default opt = opt default (lam x -> x) returns the wrapped value or the default. Evaluate (fromOption a None).",
    "expr": "(def None (lam (n s) n))\n(def Some (lam (x n s) (s x)))\n(def fromOption (lam (default opt) (opt default (lam (x) x))))\n(fromOption a None)",
    "answer": "a"
  },
  {
    "level": 101,
    "description": "Evaluate (fromOption a (Some b)). The option contains b, so the default a is ignored and b is returned.",
    "expr": "(def None (lam (n s) n))\n(def Some (lam (x n s) (s x)))\n(def fromOption (lam (default opt) (opt default (lam (x) x))))\n(fromOption a (Some b))",
    "answer": "b"
  },
  {
    "level": 102,
    "description": "mapOption applies a function inside an Option without unwrapping it. mapOption f opt = opt None (lam x -> Some (f x)): None maps to None; Some x maps to Some (f x). Evaluate (mapOption f (Some a)) and give its fully reduced form.",
    "expr": "(def None (lam (n s) n))\n(def Some (lam (x n s) (s x)))\n(def mapOption (lam (f opt) (opt None (lam (x) (Some (f x))))))\n(mapOption f (Some a))",
    "answer": "(lam (n s) (s (f a)))"
  },
  {
    "level": 103,
    "description": "The Kleene predecessor uses a pair-stepping trick to compute pred n = n - 1 (with pred zero = zero). Starting from (pair zero zero), each step shifts: (pair (snd p)) (succ (snd p)). After n steps fst of the pair is n-1. Evaluate (pred zero) \u2014 it should return zero.",
    "expr": "(def zero (lam (s z) z))\n(def one (lam (s z) (s z)))\n(def pair (lam (x y f) (f x y)))\n(def fst (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) x))))\n(def snd (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) y))))\n(def succ (lam (n s z) (s ((n s) z))))\n(def pred (lam (n) (fst (n (lam (p) (pair (snd p) (succ (snd p)))) (pair zero zero)))))\n(pred zero)",
    "answer": "(lam (s z) z)"
  },
  {
    "level": 104,
    "description": "Evaluate (pred one) using the same Kleene predecessor. After one pair-step starting from (pair zero zero) the fst is still zero. Confirm that the predecessor of one is zero.",
    "expr": "(def zero (lam (s z) z))\n(def one (lam (s z) (s z)))\n(def pair (lam (x y f) (f x y)))\n(def fst (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) x))))\n(def snd (lam (p) (p (lam (x y) y))))\n(def succ (lam (n s z) (s ((n s) z))))\n(def pred (lam (n) (fst (n (lam (p) (pair (snd p) (succ (snd p)))) (pair zero zero)))))\n(pred one)",
    "answer": "(lam (s z) z)"
  }
]